Other Names
• weak chick
Organism or Mechanism
Salmonella gallinarum bacteria
Preventative Measures
• Practice good management by controlling rodent vectors.
• Give apple cider vinegar in drinking water and increase acidity of feed with organic acids.
• Use competitive exclusion products such as Aviguard, Broilact probiotic.
• Obtain chicks from disease-free flocks.
• Do not mix disease free stock with poultry of unknown disease status.
• Use feeds without contamination.
• Reduce contact with wild birds.
• Avoid surface water as a source of drinking water.
• Ensure proper disposal of dead birds.
Management Treatments
• Add formic acid (calcium formate) to feed to ensure a low pH in the gut and control bacterial contamination of wet feed (2kg-4kg per ton).
• Move to new ground.
Physical Treatments
Nutritional Treatments
• Give apple cider vinegar in drinking water and increase acidity of feed with organic acids.
Herbal Treatments
• Fast birds then feed garlic, 1/2 tsp. lemon juice diluted with sage tea 2X daily.
• Also add finely chopped rue and/or sage to a bran/molasses mash.
Homeopathic Treatments
Friday, December 2, 2011
Newcastle Disease
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Introduction
Paramyxovirus 1 or Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious viral disease affecting poultry of all ages. Affected species include chickens, turkeys, pigeons and ducks. The condition is rarely diagnosed in ducks but is a possible cause of production drops/fertility problems. Other species can be infected including mammals occasionally (e.g. conjunctivitis in man).
The virus involved is Paramyxovirus PMV-1, which is of variable pathogenicity. Signs are typically of disease of the nervous, respiratory or reproductive systems. Morbidity is usually high and mortality varies 0-100%. Higher mortality is seen in velogenic disease in unvaccinated stock.
The virus involved is Paramyxovirus PMV-1, which is of variable pathogenicity. Signs are typically of disease of the nervous, respiratory or reproductive systems. Morbidity is usually high and mortality varies 0-100%. Higher mortality is seen in velogenic disease in unvaccinated stock.
Four manifestations have been identified:
- ND - Velogenic Viscerotropic (VVND) - sometimes called 'asiatic' or exotic. It is highly virulent for chickens, less for turkeys and relatively apathogenic in psittacines.
- ND - Neurotropic Velogenic - Acute and fatal in chickens of any age causing neurological and some respiratory signs. Intestinal lesions are absent.
- ND - Mesogenic - Mortality and nervous signs in adult. These viruses have sometimes been used as vaccines in previously immunised birds.
- ND - Lentogenic - Mild disease, sometimes subclinical. Can affect any age. Strains can be developed as vaccines.
Transmission is via aerosols, birds, fomites, visitors and imported psittacines (often asymptomatic). It is not usually vertical (but chicks may become infected in hatcheries from contaminated shells).
The virus survives for long periods at ambient temperature, especially in faeces and can persist in houses (in faeces, dust etc). for up to 12 months. However it is quite sensitive to disinfectants, fumigants and sunlight. It is inactivated by temperatures of 56°C for 3 hours or 60°C for 30 min, acid pH, formalin and phenol, and is ether sensitive.
The virus survives for long periods at ambient temperature, especially in faeces and can persist in houses (in faeces, dust etc). for up to 12 months. However it is quite sensitive to disinfectants, fumigants and sunlight. It is inactivated by temperatures of 56°C for 3 hours or 60°C for 30 min, acid pH, formalin and phenol, and is ether sensitive.
Signs
Signs are highly variable and will depend on the nature of the infecting virus (see above), the infective dose and the degree of immunity from previous exposure or vaccination.
- Sudden Death
- Depression.
- Inappetance.
- Coughing.
- Dyspnoea.
- Noisy breathing due to mucous in mouth, crop and lungs
- Diarrhoea. ( Emerald Green, Whitish, Yellowish, Greenish, Greenish Brown, Watery, sticky with fowl odor etc. )
- Nervous signs.
- Paralysis in legs, wings and neck...sometimes similar to the symptoms of Botulism.
- Twisted neck.
- Severe drop in egg production.
- Moult.
Post-mortem lesions
- Airsacculitis.
- Tracheitis.
- Necrotic plaques in proventriculus, intestine, caecal tonsil.
- Haemorrhage in proventriculus.
- Intestinal lesions primarily occur in the viscerotropic form.
Diagnosis
A presumptive diagnosis may be made on signs, post-mortem lesions, rising titre in serology. It is confirmed by isolation in CE, HA+, HI with ND serum or DID (less cross reactions), IFA. Cross-reactions have mainly been with PMV-3. Pathogenicity evaluated by Mean Death Time in embryos, intracerebral or IV pathogenicity in chicks. Samples - tracheal or cloacal.
Differentiate from Infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, infectious coryza, avian influenza, EDS-76, haemorrhagic disease, encephalomyelitis, encephalomalacia, intoxications, middle ear infection/skull osteitis, pneumovirus infection.
Differentiate from Infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, infectious coryza, avian influenza, EDS-76, haemorrhagic disease, encephalomyelitis, encephalomalacia, intoxications, middle ear infection/skull osteitis, pneumovirus infection.
Treatment
None, antibiotics to control secondary bacteria.
Prevention
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Quarantine, biosecurity, all-in/all-out production, vaccination. It is common to monitor response to vaccination, especially in breeding birds by the use of routine serological monitoring. HI has been used extensively; Elisa is now also used. These tests do not directly evaluate mucosal immunity, however.
Vaccination programmes should use vaccines of high potency, which are adequately stored and take into account the local conditions. A typical programme may involve Hitchner B1 vaccine at day old followed by LaSota-type vaccine at 14 days. The LaSota-type vaccine may even repeated at 35-40 days of age if risk is high. Use of spray application is recommended but it needs to be applied with care to achieve good protection with minimal reaction.
Inactivated vaccines have largely replaced the use of live vaccines in lay but they do not prevent local infections.
To prevent or reduce vaccinal reactions in young chicks it is important that day old have uniform titres of maternal immunity. Vaccinal reactions may present as conjunctivitis, snicking, and occasionally gasping due to a plug of pus in the lower trachea. In some countries it has been customary to provide antibiotics prophylactically during periods of anticipated vaccinal reaction. Use of Mycoplasma gallisepticum free stock under good management reduces the risk of vaccinal reactions.
Vaccination programmes should use vaccines of high potency, which are adequately stored and take into account the local conditions. A typical programme may involve Hitchner B1 vaccine at day old followed by LaSota-type vaccine at 14 days. The LaSota-type vaccine may even repeated at 35-40 days of age if risk is high. Use of spray application is recommended but it needs to be applied with care to achieve good protection with minimal reaction.
Inactivated vaccines have largely replaced the use of live vaccines in lay but they do not prevent local infections.
To prevent or reduce vaccinal reactions in young chicks it is important that day old have uniform titres of maternal immunity. Vaccinal reactions may present as conjunctivitis, snicking, and occasionally gasping due to a plug of pus in the lower trachea. In some countries it has been customary to provide antibiotics prophylactically during periods of anticipated vaccinal reaction. Use of Mycoplasma gallisepticum free stock under good management reduces the risk of vaccinal reactions.
Other Names
• Avian distemper
• Atypical Geflugelpest
• Avian pest
• Avian Pneumoencephalitis
• Exotic Newcastle Disease
• Korean Fowl Plague
• Pseudo-Fowl Pest
• Pseudo-Poultry Plague
• Pseudo-Poultry Plague
• Pseudovogel-Pest
• Ranikhet Disease (India & Pakistan)
• Tetelo Disease
Organism or Mechanism
paramyxovirus
Preventative Measures
• Vaccinate. (more..)
• Feed garlic.
• Store feed in bird-proof conditions.
• Poultry flocks should be maintained some distance apart to prevent cross-infection.
• Maintain biosecurity.
Management Treatments
• Keep hens warm and well fed.
Physical Treatments
• Wash out the beaks with diluted eucalyptus (1-drop eucalyptus oil, 1-tsp. tepid water, and a little salt).
Nutritional Treatments
• Give 1 tsp. of olive oil or honey given AM and PM.
Herbal Treatments
• Give 2 tsp. of ground raw garlic mixed with vinegar 2X daily in 1/2 tsp. Doses.
Homeopathic Treatments For Newcastle Disease or Ranikhet Disease
• If difficult breathing, opens beak and gasps for breath give--Aconite, Ars alb.
• If rattling noise and coughing give--Antim trat.
• If trembling legs leads to partial or complete paralysis give--Kali phos, Calc phos, Gelsemium.
• If twisting neck (torticolis) is main symptom give--Mag phos, Sulphur, Cicuta vir.
• Combination remedy of Carbo veg30+Veratum alb30+Belladonna30+Kali phos30, 5ml of each in 8 liters of water for 100 birds. This medicated water is repeated after every alternate day.
Molt
Other Names
• Feathering
• molting
Organism or Mechanism
Process of feather replacement
Preventative Measures
• Provide lights to ensure 14 hours of daylight.
Management Treatments
Physical Treatments
• Rub lotion of burdock brew (2 parts) and castor oil (1 part) on exposed areas.
• Other plumage tonics are: foliage of wild daffodils, rosemary brew with a little vinegar, and southernwood brew.
Nutritional Treatments
• Feed sunflower seed mash with milk.
• Feed calcified seaweed with grit.
• Feed linseed meal.
Herbal Treatments
• Give dill, anise, fennel, seaweed, kelp, bladderwrack, dulse, maidenhair fern, nettle, cleavers, onion, or garlic.
Homeopathic Treatments
• Give Calcarea carb 3X and Phosphate of Iron in water.
• Give Gelsemium 6c for calming.
• If arrested growth of pullets during adult feathering give Calcarea carb.
• If there is foul discharge during adult feathering give Chamomilla.
• If the pullets look scruffy and mangy during adult feathering give Hepar.
• If there is restlessness, crying, and a general feverish condition in the pullets during adult feathering give Aconite.
• If there is a raw corroding fluid among the feathers give Natrum muriaticum.
• All remedies 12 or more pellets dissolved in drinking water or water for feed mash.
Listeriosis
Other Names
• circling disease
• dizziness
• staggers
• vertigo
Organism or Mechanism
Listeria monocytogenes bacteria
Preventative Measures
• Provide good sanitation.
Management Treatments
Physical Treatments
Nutritional Treatments
Herbal Treatments
Homeopathic Treatments
• Give Belladonna with plenty of cool water.
• Nux vomica
• circling disease
• dizziness
• staggers
• vertigo
Organism or Mechanism
Listeria monocytogenes bacteria
Preventative Measures
• Provide good sanitation.
Management Treatments
Physical Treatments
Nutritional Treatments
Herbal Treatments
Homeopathic Treatments
• Give Belladonna with plenty of cool water.
• Nux vomica
Worms
Other Names
internal parasites
Organism or Mechanism
• Ascaridia galli (roundworm)
• Capillaria bursata, C. caudinflata, C. absignata,(roundworms)
• Syngamus trachea (nematode/gapeworm)
• Heterakis gallinarum (cecal worm)
• Cestodes Davainea proglottina
• Raillietina cesticullus (tapeworms)
• trematodes (flukes)
Preventative Measures
• Keep pastures clipped and limed.
• Graze pasture one year and cut the next.
• Use good hygiene practices.
• Rotate runs and houses.
• Keep age and species groups separate.
• Stack, heat, and sterilize poultry manure and do not spread it on poultry pastures.
• Avoid surface water, avoid damp places in houses.
• Leave runs empty for a least 2 months between batches.
• Allow grass to dry after dew or rain before allowing animals to graze.
Management Treatments
• Remove infected litter and sanitize housing.
• Plow and reseed infected fields.
• If there is heavy contamination of earth-floored houses, remove the top 15-cm of soil.
Physical Treatments
• Give a 2-grain pill of santonin to each bird followed by 2 tsp. of raw linseed oil.
• For pinworms give a rectal injection of garlic, mustard, peppermint oil (1/2 tsp. oil/1 pint water), or eucalyptus (1/4 tsp./pint water) oil solution.
• Give Shakelee's Basic H surfactant administered as a solution in water.
Nutritional Treatments
• Give a laxative diet: mash of pumpkin seeds and milk after a 12 hour fast, follow with a warm mash of bran, middlings, and milk.
• Give finely chopped onions and garlic.
• Feed finely grated raw carrot, garlic, onions, and parsley.
• Feed mustard; squash or pumpkin seeds; carrot and fennel seeds.
• Add DE and charcoal to feed all preceded by a fast and followed by a laxative period.
Herbal Treatments
• Give a course of garlic for ten days (1 clove/hen/day) and add to the diet bramble leaves, elder leaves, wormwood, wormseed, cotton-lavender, rue, hyssop,
• Give powdered cayenne or senna after a fast.
• If tapeworms are very bad give 1/2 tsp. grated male fern root mixed with bran, castor oil and molasses daily.
• Give garlic (pills, powders, fresh, tinctures),wormwood (Artemisia spp.), wild ginger, snakeroot, goosefoot, conifers (pine, spruce, firs), fennel seeds, or pyrethrum all preceded by a fast and followed by a laxative period.
Homeopathic Treatments
• If worms in the nostrils or ears causes circling give Cina.
• If affected birds lose weight, ruffled feathers, rapid breathing give--Aconite,
Santonite 3x, Tucrum merver.
• Head remedy--China, GNA.
internal parasites
Organism or Mechanism
• Ascaridia galli (roundworm)
• Capillaria bursata, C. caudinflata, C. absignata,(roundworms)
• Syngamus trachea (nematode/gapeworm)
• Heterakis gallinarum (cecal worm)
• Cestodes Davainea proglottina
• Raillietina cesticullus (tapeworms)
• trematodes (flukes)
Preventative Measures
• Keep pastures clipped and limed.
• Graze pasture one year and cut the next.
• Use good hygiene practices.
• Rotate runs and houses.
• Keep age and species groups separate.
• Stack, heat, and sterilize poultry manure and do not spread it on poultry pastures.
• Avoid surface water, avoid damp places in houses.
• Leave runs empty for a least 2 months between batches.
• Allow grass to dry after dew or rain before allowing animals to graze.
Management Treatments
• Remove infected litter and sanitize housing.
• Plow and reseed infected fields.
• If there is heavy contamination of earth-floored houses, remove the top 15-cm of soil.
Physical Treatments
• Give a 2-grain pill of santonin to each bird followed by 2 tsp. of raw linseed oil.
• For pinworms give a rectal injection of garlic, mustard, peppermint oil (1/2 tsp. oil/1 pint water), or eucalyptus (1/4 tsp./pint water) oil solution.
• Give Shakelee's Basic H surfactant administered as a solution in water.
Nutritional Treatments
• Give a laxative diet: mash of pumpkin seeds and milk after a 12 hour fast, follow with a warm mash of bran, middlings, and milk.
• Give finely chopped onions and garlic.
• Feed finely grated raw carrot, garlic, onions, and parsley.
• Feed mustard; squash or pumpkin seeds; carrot and fennel seeds.
• Add DE and charcoal to feed all preceded by a fast and followed by a laxative period.
Herbal Treatments
• Give a course of garlic for ten days (1 clove/hen/day) and add to the diet bramble leaves, elder leaves, wormwood, wormseed, cotton-lavender, rue, hyssop,
• Give powdered cayenne or senna after a fast.
• If tapeworms are very bad give 1/2 tsp. grated male fern root mixed with bran, castor oil and molasses daily.
• Give garlic (pills, powders, fresh, tinctures),wormwood (Artemisia spp.), wild ginger, snakeroot, goosefoot, conifers (pine, spruce, firs), fennel seeds, or pyrethrum all preceded by a fast and followed by a laxative period.
Homeopathic Treatments
• If worms in the nostrils or ears causes circling give Cina.
• If affected birds lose weight, ruffled feathers, rapid breathing give--Aconite,
Santonite 3x, Tucrum merver.
• Head remedy--China, GNA.
Influenza
Other Names
• avian influenza
• fowl plague
Organism or Mechanism
type A influenza orthomyxoviruses
Preventative Measures
• Do not visit farms with outbreak
Management Treatments
Physical Treatments
• Use Oxine (2% chlorine dioxide) non-activated fogged in house.
Nutritional Treatments
Herbal Treatments
Homeopathic Treatments
• avian influenza
• fowl plague
Organism or Mechanism
type A influenza orthomyxoviruses
Preventative Measures
• Do not visit farms with outbreak
Management Treatments
Physical Treatments
• Use Oxine (2% chlorine dioxide) non-activated fogged in house.
Nutritional Treatments
Herbal Treatments
Homeopathic Treatments
Lice and Mites
Other Names
External parasites
Organism or Mechanism
• Cuclotogater heterographus (head louse)
• Menacanthus stramineus (body louse)
• Menopon gallinae (shaft louse)
• Lipeurus caponis (wing louse)
• Dermanyssus gallinae (red mite)
• Ornithonyssus sylviarium (Northern fowl mite)
Preventative Measures
• Lime runs yearly and fumigate with cayenne pepper.
• Keep wild birds, especially bird nests out of poultry houses.
• Paint roosts and nest boxes with oil.
Management Treatments
• Dust with flowers of sulfur.
• Provide dust bath of coal dust and road dust.
• Add wood ashes in dust bath.
• Add derris powder, quassia chip powder, cinders, and powdered charcoal to dust baths weekly.
• Add elecampane and fleabane to nest boxes.
• Place dried tobacco leaves in nest boxes.
• Rest runs and houses for at least 10 months after an outbreak since mites can live for up to 9 months off the chicken without a meal.
• For mites use Bacillus thuringiensis, predatory mites, or an application of silica dust.
• Encourage Coleoptera beetles to live and breed in poultry houses to control mites.
• Lightly blowtorch the areas of infestation, followed by washing down and disinfecting.
Physical Treatments
• Dust birds with tabacco.
• For chicks rub eucalyptus oil on the head.
• Mix 1 oz. of cedar oil mixed with 1 pint of other oil and apply to the neck and back.
• For young chicks mix 2 parts glycerin with 1 part carbolic acid mix together and add to 5 parts water; add to sprouting feathers.
Nutritional Treatments
Herbal Treatments
• Feed garlic.
Homeopathic Treatments
External parasites
Organism or Mechanism
• Cuclotogater heterographus (head louse)
• Menacanthus stramineus (body louse)
• Menopon gallinae (shaft louse)
• Lipeurus caponis (wing louse)
• Dermanyssus gallinae (red mite)
• Ornithonyssus sylviarium (Northern fowl mite)
Preventative Measures
• Lime runs yearly and fumigate with cayenne pepper.
• Keep wild birds, especially bird nests out of poultry houses.
• Paint roosts and nest boxes with oil.
Management Treatments
• Dust with flowers of sulfur.
• Provide dust bath of coal dust and road dust.
• Add wood ashes in dust bath.
• Add derris powder, quassia chip powder, cinders, and powdered charcoal to dust baths weekly.
• Add elecampane and fleabane to nest boxes.
• Place dried tobacco leaves in nest boxes.
• Rest runs and houses for at least 10 months after an outbreak since mites can live for up to 9 months off the chicken without a meal.
• For mites use Bacillus thuringiensis, predatory mites, or an application of silica dust.
• Encourage Coleoptera beetles to live and breed in poultry houses to control mites.
• Lightly blowtorch the areas of infestation, followed by washing down and disinfecting.
Physical Treatments
• Dust birds with tabacco.
• For chicks rub eucalyptus oil on the head.
• Mix 1 oz. of cedar oil mixed with 1 pint of other oil and apply to the neck and back.
• For young chicks mix 2 parts glycerin with 1 part carbolic acid mix together and add to 5 parts water; add to sprouting feathers.
Nutritional Treatments
Herbal Treatments
• Feed garlic.
Homeopathic Treatments
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